And the crazy stuff.

Between 2011 and early 2012, I went through a long phase of depression. And when I started seeing things which were really not there, I really thought I'm going mad. For almost a week, I saw off and on these distorted, formless shapes/objects superimposed on the everyday - unreadable text floating in front of my eyes, on the mirror. I was used to the occasional visual illusions /misperceptions which most of us with SD suffer, but these new kind of prolonged visions were not fun.

I was concerned for my mental well-being, and I decided to seek medical help for my depression. To control my anxiety levels, they prescribed me some anti-depressants during the first consultation. I was so frightened with the thought of some colored pills controlling my life that I didn't take any.
I tried to meditate myself to sleep.

Next morning, I took out my running shoes, and started training again after several years of hiatus. My energy levels were again back to normal in few days. I positively tried to bring some changes into my life.

Everything was going right in my life, and then suddenly out of nowhere I start seeing things again one day. Even thought it lasted for a minute or so, I was really terrified. I went into a state of panic. I asked myself if I'm "really" alright now?

I had read about Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS), so I called my retina specialist after a few days when I could think a little clearer. He said it was probably CBS and nothing that I should worry about.  He reassured me that it is not psychiatric in nature, but just hyperactivity of the brain to fill the blind spots with something. When it cannot draw on sensation, it draws on memory.

Over time, I've noticed that the days when my eyes are very tired, these hallucinations return. And they go away quickly as well. I've learnt to not associate with my mental health. Although it was hard in the beginning. I prefer not to discuss this with others though (family or friends), as I'm not sure if they will understand.

Recently I read an interesting book by Oliver Sacks titled Hallucinations, where the author argues that having hallucinations does not mean psychosis. In fact hallucinations are rather a "positive phenomena, as opposed to the negative symptoms, the deficits or losses caused by accident or disease, which neurology is classically based on. The mind is not able to tell apart vision from reality as the hallucinations are much more like perceptions. They make use of same visual areas and pathways as perception. [...]  In modern Western culture, hallucinations are more often considered or portend madness or something dire happening to the brain - even though the vast majority of hallucinations have no such dark implications. There is great stigma here, and patients are often reluctant to admit to hallucinating, afraid that their friends and even their doctors will think they are losing their minds..". There is an entire chapter on visual hallucinations related to Charles Bonnet Syndrome, where he details several types of hallucinations - text, notation, music that one sees for hours but which cannot be read; misshapen distorted images/objects/faces, misalignment, distortion, inversion of image, etc. 

Here is a link to his Ted talk: http://www.ted.com/talks/oliver_sacks_what_hallucination_reveals_about_our_minds.html

I also came across a comprehensive article on scientific american blog on CBS which may be of some help:
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2012/08/09/when-seeing-isnt-believing-charles-bonnet-syndrome/

ACT reports improvement in vision from 20/400 to 20/40

Just a quick update. Not much details so far on it, but ACT  reported in a recent press release that one of the patients enrolled in their stem cell trials had an improvement in vision from 20/400 to 20/40.
This is really great :)
Complete news article here:
http://online.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20130516-908327.html?mod=googlenews_wsj

Cuts and burns crossed out

I miss a step a little too often, I bump into things (sometimes electric poles), cuts and bruises are a norm. The day is not far when they will be convinced that I suffer from some self-injury disorder or DSH.

Partial vision is not easy to live with. You think you can see when you actually cannot.

I recently purchased cut and heat resistant gloves, something similar to these (Kevlar knit gloves). I highly recommend them. They are not bulky and very useful for everyday kitchen work. A little difficult to clean though.

Trying to be normal

I've been upset with myself for sometime now. I need to undo all this anger and mistrust towards others. I wasn't like this 2-3 years back. I don't know how I learnt to be so spiteful and hostile.  But then, to establish a normal relationship with the world, first I need to succeed in having one with myself. 

When every day you need to sift what is real and what is hallucination, it is difficult to have a hold on reality. In periods of stress, everything seems even more muddled.

Last week while walking back from office, either due to stress and a possible drop in field of vision, I was seeing stuff that wasn't even there. Twice I felt that I'm being attacked by a stray dog when it was just my leopard print scarf. One day I didn't see an electric pole and almost bumped into it. Cuts and burns are a norm. Three days in a row I got out on the wrong floor and even if it was just my vision, I thought my head is getting fuzzy. 

How do you manage to keep sane when your brain presents an incorrect visual image of the world? How do you learn to discriminate between what is real and what is not?

I know I've lived for several years with the thought that I'm a slow thinker because I could only attempt 50% of the paper in the standard exam time. No one told me it was my bad field of vision. No one gave me an option of extra testing time. Now again I find myself inventing new kind of ghosts. 

Sometimes I think I should find a job in Delhi and stay with my parents. That I should stop being so stubborn about living on my own.  If I ask for help, does it mean I've given up? I'm not even sure what I'm fighting with half of the times. 

I will think about it another day. 

Eye Strain

My eyes are constantly fatigued of late. The left eye has almost become some kind of screen saver. It goes in all possible directions to focus at the same object. In no time, I will morph into a wobbly-eyed toon.  

I need to check with a doctor. Either there has been a huge drop in the left eye vision or simply eye strain. I have been spending extra hours at work. 

Two months ago I changed my laptop. Even though I adjusted brightness to blend with the ambiance lighting, I felt constantly strained. Turns out that my previous laptop LED had a lower dot pitch and more pixels. My stuff is still with the movers and packers company as I've not found an apartment in the city I moved to. Once I get my stuff I can use my iMac and throw this junk laptop out of the window.

At work, the new seat is next to a window. I would need to either change my seat or make sure that i can close the blinds. 

I found a very comprehensive article online on reducing computer eye strain. A lot of things we already know but some were still new to me.  Here is the link: Computer Eye Strain: 10 steps for relief

Teaching again

After several days of hesitation, I've finally started conducting French language classes at work. Teaching was one of the first things that I ticked off my list when I started to lose my eyesight. It seemed impossible to conduct sessions when I myself cannot read what anyone will write. Eye contact is out of question.

First day of class and I couldn't help getting overwhelmed with the positive feedback I got from everyone from my batch. I used presentation slides and a notepad instead of traditional whiteboard. Used PPT pen to highlight, underline, draw (all those useless hours spent drawing in paint finally came to some good). Took a lot of time in creating slides out of the lesson plans, scanning worksheets etc., but it ensured that everything is one place and in order.

Have delivered six successful sessions. Very pleased that teaching still remains possible and as interesting as ever.  Are you also a visually impaired teacher? What methods of teaching do you use to conduct your classes?

Lazy eye

For past two weeks , my left  eye seems to have a mind of its own. I am trying to force it to focus but it doesn't seem to obey. Does anyone else has this problem? I've not been to my retina specialist in months. Time for eye check-up, maybe I can use glasses. I cannot read anything from my left eye anymore.

Prove You're a Human!

Alright, this drives me really crazy. You are a visually impaired blogger but you put a captcha on your blog to filter spam comment. Next I know, I will have to decipher a captcha even for viewing some posts. Please stop using challenge-response systems for comments. No one likes spam. But you can moderate your comments instead of putting a captcha. And if you didn't know they have figured out how to bypass captcha.

There is no dearth of CAPTCHA on the web. I've a plethora  of those squished, squiggly, irksome letters to deal with for payment gateways. And of course, every time I forget a password of my nth account, I am sent straight to the captcha gallows. (breach of some electronic code of conduct?). And if entering correct password wasn't enough, I'm given a 10 minute captcha treatment for even changing system. What is next? Browsing habit? Say if I login at 4 am to Facebook on a weekday!?!

Sometimes I wonder if the new technology is rather creating more accessibility issues.




June 25, 2012, Update - I guess I was just high on irk quotient that day. Even simple navigation is quite a challenge if you have low vision, so troubleshooting is obviously tedious. Lot of my low vision friends may not know that captchas can be disabled! We get so used to seeing them everywhere anyway.

 To disable word verification for blogger comments, go to your blog settings > Posts and comments and disable "show word verification" option. You can still avoid spam by selecting comment moderation.

Bewilderment

I read 3 books in one week, roughly some 1000 pages (after work, in transit, waiting for friends in cafes, on roadside because I didn't want to go home). I've not read as much in such short period after university days. I'm surprised.

Advances in Stem Cell Therapies

More advances in stem cell therapies with every passing day. Stroke patients show signs of improvement in earlyy phase clinical trials in Scotland. A ten year old girl gets vein growth from her own stem cells. ReNeuron to present the pre-clinical data related to its ReN009 therapy for critical limb ischaemia, a chronic and debilitating disease that restricts blood flow in the limbs at a major stem cell a conference in Japan this week.

Optimal way of growing embryonic stem cells

A team of European researchers discovered that embryonic stem cell properties are impacted by the laboratory conditions used to grow them. The study, supported by four EU projects - HEROIC, PLURISYS, EUROSYSTEM and ATLAS - evaluated the gene expansion (transcriptome) and chromatin modifications (epigenome). The results show differences between pure stem cells and embryonic stem cells grown in laboratory conditions. Stem cells being both unstable and primed to differentiate, the researchers now know the key information on what is the optimal way of growing them. The transcriptome analysis allows scientists to identify which genes are turned on or off inside the cells. The gene's level of activity is also calculated through this method. The epigenome analysis provides researchers insight into how genes are controlled.


Human embryonic stem cells may be totipotent


Another study led at Salk Institute uncovered that a small number of human embryonic stem cells believed to be pluripotent may be totipotent. Totipotent stem cells have the potential to develop into any cell found in the human body, including placental cells. Whereas Pluripotent stem cells cannot produce "extraembryonic" cells such as those in the placenta. More information on this study here.


Funding problems: Scientists urge EU parliament to not cut funding

Leading researchers, institutions and patient groups urged EU parliament not to cut funding for embryonic stem cell research in Horizon 2020. With Europe and UK being world leaders in embryonic stem cell research, any cuts will seriously jeopardize the future of stem cell research. 

"It will be years before there are treatments made from stem cells on the shelves."

I'm out of town. Just a quick post with a link to quite an informative article on stem cell clinical trials development.  Here is the link to the main article : Stem cell scientists take hope from first human trials but see long road ahead

Even though the stem cell research has come a long way from the first discovery of embryonic cells in 1989 to clinical trials today, we might need to wait several more years before we can find on-the-shelf treatment for a lot of currently untreatable diseases like Parkinson's disease, Type 1 diabetes, Chronic liver disease and heart diseases and ofcourse Stargardt's disease.

A lot still depends on the outcome of the  world's first human trial using RPE (retinal pigment epithelium) cells from stem cells derived from humon embryos. In phase one trial earlier this year, some Stargardt's and Age-related macular degeneration patients were injected with a tiny amount of RPE cells (50,000). Patients have reported small improvement that have nonetheless significantly changed their lives.  The chief scientific officer at Advanced Cell Technology Inc., Dr Robert Lanza thinks that "It is very hopeful if we are seeing this with a small number of cells at the very advanced stage, imagine what we could do with those young children who are going blind at the age of six to 10, sometimes."

Although the patients treated with the stem cell trial are taking precautionary drugs, they might not need to take immuno-suppressant drugs for lifelong unlike most transplant patients. Eyes are "immune privilleged" and "can better tolerate a graft of human tissue without the immune system mounting an all-out attack and causing rejection" says Prof Pete Coffey, of the Institute of Ophthalmology at University College London,

Ethical Problem and Funding issues

From the start, there has been strong political opposition on the use of embryonic stem cells. The destruction of an embryo is viewed as tantamount to murder of an early staged human life .And it violates the belief system that life begins when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell to form a single cell.  The opposition in Europe led to European court's ban on stem-cell patents in Europe in October last year. This means that any future clinical trials or research in stem cell therapy would not be protected in Europe. As a result, the biotech companies supporting stem cell research are facing serious funding challenges from investors. There is still strong views from political parties to stop European funding.

  

IPS cells vs Embryo cells

Despite the more recent advance regarding induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS), which are cells from skin or other parts of the patient's own body, IPS cells still remain an unworkable, enormously expensive and unrealistic solution in comparison to embryonic stem cells as of today.

"The embryonic cells are affordable and "you can treat many people with one batch of cells. That makes it somehow conceivable that it could be economically viable for the healthcare system.". ACT's Lanza says they have enough RPE to treat everybody on the planet.""

Embryonic/IPS cells vs Mice cells

Scientists believe that a great deal of research is still required because both embryonic and IPS cells are not the same as the true embroyinc cells from the mice.

"Mice embryonic stem cells, which have been used in so much early stage research, appear to be slower than human embryonic cells to divide and differentiate. Basically, the human cells taken from a blastocyst (a five- or six-day embryo) have already moved on to the next stage, where equivalent mouse cells have not. That makes it hard to produce standardised cells that will all, for instance, make exactly the same nerve cells. There have been some partial successes but, says Smith, "we don't have a human cell either from an embryo or re-programmed that is held at this ground state." Taking cells at an earlier moment in the blastocyst development won't work, he says. "It is not the starting point that is important. The biology is subtly different between rodents and primates.""

Outcome of First safety trials in human

There is a lot of hope in the scientific community on the current stem cell clinical trials to cure Stargardt's Disease. Positive outcome will also mean that human embryonic stem cell trials for other diseases like Parkinson's and diabetes could also begin in next 4-5 years.No damage has been so far reported by Advanced Cell Technology for those who were treated with RPE cells.

Alkeus to start clincal trials for SD later this year or start of 2013

Another pharmaceutical company dedicated to finding a cure for Stargardt's Disease will start their clinical trials later this year or in 2013. Alkeus research is more focused on a preventive treatment, with an aim of developing compounds to  prevent formation of toxic A2E and lipofuscin pigments, and thus to slow down macular degeneration. Currently, they are finding patients for their clinical trials. You can add yourself to their registry to get future updates on trials.

http://www.alkeus.com/starstudy2.html

Excerpt of a comprehensive article from their website:

"An imperfect recycling system

The retina is the thin membrane located at the back of the eye. It contains millions of photoreceptors used for vision, and plays a similar role as the light sensitive film at the back of a camera. These specialized receptors cover the retina and are responsible for black and white (rods) and for colored vision (cones). Vitamin A, which can be found on the tip of the photoreceptors, is the key molecule to vision. Its exact role was explicited by George Wald and resulted in a Nobel Prize of 1967. In other words, vitamin A is the fuel of vision.

Vitamin A and its derivatives (such as beta-carotene), originate from certain types of food: for example, eggs, milk and other dairy products all contain vitamin A while vegetables, fruits, carrots, etc. contain beta-carotene. After vitamin A is transported into the retina, it is struck by light forcing it to change its molecular shape, and acting like an electrical switch which enables the delivery of an electric signal to the brain. This signals the presence of light to the brain.

After vitamin A has changed its shape, it becomes insensitive to light and needs to be reactivated by specialized cells, the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). The geometric switch of vitamin A as well as its recycling by the RPE is called the "visual cycle".

While we would wish vitamin A to be a clean burning fuel, unfortunately, the visual cycle is imperfect and some vitamin A molecules are able to escape the recycling system: these vitamin A can then bind to other vitamin A molecules and create toxic aggregates of vitamin A called vitamin A dimers (or A2E). A2E is then absorbed and stored in the RPE cells where they are considered to be responsible for the formation of other toxic granules named lipofuscin.

With age, accumulation of lipofuscin reduces the proper function of the RPE cells and is thought to be partly responsible for inducing macular degeneration.

Stargardt disease patients present a defective gene which prevents proper transport of vitamin A back into the RPE, which results in even faster formation and accumulation of A2E and lipofuscin. This is why Stargardt disease is also called "juvenile macular degeneration" as the clinical presentations may be somehow similar.

Visual cycle imperfections lead to A2E formation and to macular degeneration. Alkeus Pharmaceuticals is developing compounds that can help perfect this cycle, prevent the formation of toxic A2E and lipofuscin pigments and potentially slow down vision loss in dry-AMD and Stargardt disease."

Increasing subtitle font size to watch foreign films

Stargardt's disease has limited my access to all possible forms of visual arts. With more loss in central vision, my depth and colour perception has further decreased. I no longer visit art galleries and museums. I hesitate to take out my camera for street photography. Cinema and theatre are still accessible from the front row, but only in the languages I know. Few weeks back, an Afghan troupe performed Shakespeare at Rangashankara, a local theatre. I was in dilemma for a week whether to buy tickets or not.  (Will I be able to read subtitles? or even see subtitle panels? :P)

I don't have problems with subtitles while watching movies at home. There is a feature in VLC media player which allows to enlarge the subtitle font size:

1. Go to Menu Tools > Preferences

2. Select Subtitles & OSD

3. In Subtitle effects, set font size to large or larger and Save.

At larger font size, the screen appears like this. You can download VLC media player from this link

Moving to a new city

Sometimes disability is imposed. Like, there are accessible cities and there are inaccessible cities. Experience is relative still. 

Ever since I arrived in this city 4 years back, I've been uncomfortable. Running in circles and always finding myself back at the starting line. Several change of jobs and relationships. Permanence is perhaps a utopia.

I feel no connection with this culturally inaccessible city. It limits me. It disturbs me. It took me sometime to understand that I need to move to a new place. More than 2 years. And then when I thought I need to move, I found someone. It didn't last long. I live my life from one minute to another (Either it is SD or just me, difficult to disassociate) and this person came with a schedule where I had to fit in or where I couldn't fit in. I'm the kind of person who will skip the world to be with someone for even 10 minutes and he was the kind of person who was too entangled in several worlds. Yet there was an inexplicable connection between us and now we are unrelated. 

I'm free to move to a different city. A city that expands my possibilities. It did take me a while to work things out and finally I got relocation approved from my employer. 

Being visually impaired, I like being in big cities, where people may not be monitoring your every move. I can get lost without looking stupid. I can look up and someone will guide me home. (And not be embarassed to ask 20 people for directions, within just a mile!. With more than 20,000 people per square kilometer to ask for help, I do not need a map). I can walk in crowded streets incognito. Be led by the pace of the city and find several things to do. And when I get tired of the world, find a pretty spot to renew my morale and spirit. I can depend on the city. 

Even though it will take a month or two to actually move, I'm already excited and feel less disabled :o)

Reading problems

Finished reading La carte et le mémoire  (Michel Houellebecq) and Cosmicomics (Italo Calvino) - around 600 pages over 3 weeks, in office shuttle, cafés. Had sore eyes as a result. This month was exceptionally hectic even at work with a huge volume of translations and tight deadlines.


I find I move between reading and non-reading phases all the time. As continuous reading always results in sore eyes and/or discomfort, i really avoid reading. And then when it has been too long (say a month or two), I pick up again a book and try to finish it.

I'm still not used to text-to-speech. It sounds too odd and kills any pleasure whatsoever of reading. Audio books are alright, but the experience is completely different. Perhaps reading is irreplaceable. Text-to-speech fails with fiction and complex non-fiction books.

As a possible solution, I'm thinking of buying a compatible refreshable braille display. My reading speed is better with braille and it would not involve any reading stress. But braille displays are very expensive currently, between $2500 - $8000. Several projects for developing an affordable refreshable Braille display are going on. Once in the market, the retail price will be around $300 for these displays (For e.g., Quixote, by Bristol Braille). These new displays are expected to be available by the end of 2012. I will wait for few months.

Do you use a refreshable Braille display for reading? Any suggestions?

Interpreting disappointments

Stargardt's has defined my choices in life. It has also defined other people's choices about me.  Every day I face a  prejudiced world, a world that only understands "normal", that often tries to weigh me down with its distorted perspectives and its coloured opinions.


Most of the days I can easily shrug them off, but sometimes they settle deep. Some I manage to remove over time, but some just linger like so many other things in life.


I could have finished my Ph.D in French literature some years back, had the doctors not told me to stop to read.


I would have not lost a relstionship, had they not disabled me in their imagination. We were not left any choice. I've still not been able to deal with that empty space.


...


There are other things that lie beneath. Things that we think we are comfortable with. But we forget the dimension of time. We forget that everything evolves, even the past.


Some people say they have become comfortable with Stargardt's. Am I comfortable with Stargardt's? I don't know. I'm not even sure what is the right answer. Acceptannce and being comfortable are two different things.


Discomfort can be positive. Like an exercise in reverse. It can thrust you forward to force you find a way. If people act as mirrors and if we are constantly trying to adjust our reflections to their mirrors, perhaps I constantly adjust my life to not be that reflection. Because their reflections are all "normal". And I'm a different person.

All about Pens

I used to like sending postcards to my friends. Now it is almost impossible to decipher what I write. There was a time when writing was the only way to self-discovery.

These days I try to avoid writing. I take my laptop for meetings instead of a paper and a pen. I take notes on my phone or PC. Yet there are situations when the use of a pen really cannot be avoided. Then, I find I must avoid cursive writing if I want to read it. 

Recently, a fourth grade student designed a pen  for visually impaired children to better recognize shapes and letters. And just out of a small spool of yarn, paper clip and a paper cup attached to a hollowed out pen! 

I thought I'll do a post on two pen systems for low vision which might be useful for different people depending on their needs.

PenFriend - RNIB's voice labeling system, PenFriend,  has been there since some time now and still very useful for both low vision and the blind. You can record your voice onto dime sized self-adhesive labels that you can stick on any household objects. And then touch it again with the pen and listen to the label/note. Unlike the demo video, I can still distinguish between a can of tomatoes and a can of beans. I really liked the idea about voice labels on medicines. Especially I find it difficult to read the expiry dates and sometimes I don't know what I'm popping has long expired. It can be useful for prescriptions and labeling important documents and posts which are unreadable.  These stickers can also be used as tiny reminders or notes that I can stick on pretty much everything and anywhere.It comes with a 70 hour of recording time and you can also download mp3 and audiobooks on it from your PC. PenFriend is available over Amazon for $125 and comes with 125 labels. Extra labels would need to be purchased. A pack of 381 labels is for $30.

Livescribe Echo SmartPen - This is more of a recorder pen that lets you record everything you hear,say or write. Add voice notes to handwritten notes and convert these handwritten notes to digital by using an app. Just like the SmartPen labels, Livescribe also requires a Livescribe paper which has a pattern of dots that enables to recognize and record pen writing movements. A very useful device for those who do not use or carry around their iPad or iPhone, in a classroom or in a meeting or for maintaining an agenda or a diary. It is priced at $134 for a 4GB Echo SmartPen. Livescribe claims that the special compatible paper can be printed but most reviewers seem to contradict this point. Lot of people have also complained that the handwriting recognition app MyScript doesn't recognize correctly even the clearest of handwriting. And if you need to record or write a lot, the cost of paper will soon add up to be more than the cost of a smartphone or an accessible all purpose tablet. 

Intelligent screen readers ?

It is getting difficult for me to translate these days. For some reasons, full view magnification is no more working on my Windows 7 PC at work. I tried testing several third party accessibility software but I'm yet to find a screen reader which automatically recognizes and switches between two languages on the same page. 

I have to work on a translation tool whose interface is similar to this image. Source text is on the right side and I type on the left side in target segments. I need a reader which can recognize both French and English and swap between the two when I move my cursor from one segment to another. 


Does anyone know any intelligent screen reader tool which can solve this issue? 


I currently work with 200% magnification but I would like to use more and more of screen reader technology if I can to avoid strain. 


Update - Tried ZoomText 10. Nice upgrade from v9. Reader still supports only the language selected during installation. It is still not bilingual, Looks like either I need to adapt to how a tool reads French in English accent or just drop the idea of a Reader completely! :(

Mistrust

It is always difficult to convince people that we are visually impaired. They look at me and see a healthy young woman who can look at them in the eye at an arm's length. And they think I'm just fabricating stories about SD to get a seat in the front row.


I was late for a theatre performance today and they sent me to the show organisers to check for a front row seat. I had to explain to the director for 15 minutes before he was partially convinced. He kept staring at my eyes. I felt very uncomfortable and I didn't want to speak anymore. I went inside and requested some people in the front row to give me a seat (this time I didn't tell them I'm visually impaired). And I got a seat! 


What do you do in such situations when people refuse to help you because they don't trust you that you are visually impaired? 

Second Patient with AMD treated safely in Stem Cell Clinical Trials

Good News! Advanced Cell Technology Inc. announced treatment of a second patient with  dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In a press release, Gary Rabin, chairman and CEO of the company said that the patient is recovering well:  “So far, there have not been any complications or side effects due to the stem cell-derived RPE cells, and we will continue monitoring the patients for safety, tolerability and efficacy of this therapy,” 

The clinical trials are designed to determine the safety and effects of sub-retinal implantation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE)  cells derived from human embroynic stem cells. ACT trials are one of the four ongoing clinical trials for the treatment of age-related macular dystrophy and Stargardt's macular dystrophy.

Earlier in January, ACT announced safe stem cell transplantation treatment of first patients. Currently, the company is conducting three trials in United States and Europe. Each trial will have 12 people, who will be monitored for safety and tolerability of hESC-derived RPE cells at 12 months.